"He was the first
king of this age and also the first ascetic. Who also was the first ford-maker
(Tirthankar), my salutations to hat Rishabh Swami." -Acharya Hem Chandra
According to the Jain measurement of cosmic time one cycle of time
has two divisions. These two divisions, ascending time-cycle there is a gradual
improvement in physical and mental conditions, including physical strength,
health, happiness and simplicity, of beings as well as climatic and life
supporting conditions. During the descending time-cycle there is a gradual
deterioration in these conditions.
The Age of the Twins
During the first three Aras of
the current descending cycle man was completely dependent on nature for all his
needs. The wish-fulfilling trees provided all that he needed. Man was simple,
peaceful and contented in attitude. The environment was absolutely unpolluted.
Water was tasteful, cold, and sweet. Even the sand was sweet as sugar. The air
was healthy and exhilarating. The grains and fruits were nutritious and filing.
A simple meal of little quantity of fruit and water lasted for days. Filled
stomach and satisfied desires acted as antidote to irritation and reduced
disputes and other sinful activities. The whole animal kingdom lived in harmony
with the nature.
With the passage of time gradual
changes occurred and around the end of the third Aara the yield from the
Kalpa-vrikshas reduced. The all-around deterioration in conditions spelled the
beginning of quarrels and disputes. To guard against these disputes and to live
in peace and harmony, man formed groups and the Kulkar system was evolved. A
number of people collected to form a Kula (family) and the head of the group
was called Kulkar. It was the duty of the Kulkar to remove discord and
establish order. Nabhiraja was the seventh and the last in the line of Kulkars.
His wife was Marudevi. This epoch of Kulkar system was known as the epoch of
twins (Yugalia). A human couple used to give birth to a twin- one male and one
female. This twin would become husband and wife on reaching adulthood. The
twins used to lead a happy and contented life and died a natural death
together.
To consume what was available was
the way of life. As such this period was also known as Bhog-Bhumi-Kaal or the
era of free consumption. Upto the time of Kulkar Nabhiraja man lived in this
land of abundance.
Birth of Rishabhdev
It was during the last part of
the third Ara of the current descending cycle of time that the great and pious
soul that was to become Rishabhdev descended into the womb of Marudeva on the
fourth day of the dark half of the month of Ashadh during the night.
In the ancient Jain scriptures it
is mentioned that during many previous births, the soul that was to be
Rishabhdev had done prolonged spiritual practices. As a result of high degree
of purity of thoughts and attitude as well as penance, meditation, charity and
benevolent deeds it had earned highly pious Karmas.
In his incarnation as Dhanna, the
caravan leader, he had offered alms and services to ascetics and others. As
doctor Jivanand he had taken ample care of ailing masses as well as ascetics.
As king Vajranabh he had supported poor and desolate masses. After many years
of public service to ascetics and others, Vajranabh renounced the world and
became an ascetic. As a result of unprecedented spiritual practices, including
religious studies, penance, tolerance, and meditation, he earned Tirthankar-nam
and gotra-karma. These pious deeds of earlier births resulted in his taking
birth as Rishabhdev.
When this pious soul was
conceived, mother Marudeva dreamt of fourteen auspicious things. The first
thing she saw in her dream was that a beautiful and large white bull was
entering her mouth. The other things she saw in her dream are as follows:
2. A giant elephant having four tusks,
3. A lion,
4. Goddess Laxmi seated on a lotus,
5. A garland of flowers,
6. The full moon resplendent in the sky,
7. The scintillating sun,
8. A fluttering flag,
9. A golden urn,
10. A pond full of lotus flowers,
11. A sea of milk,
12. A space vehicle of gods,
13. A heap of gems,
14. Smokeless fire
Nabhiraja was an experienced and
scholarly person. When he heard about these dreams from Maudeva, he said,
"Devi, You will give birth to a highly endowed soul who will show the path
of peace and happiness to this world"
Birth Celebrations
On the eighth day of the dark
half of the month of Chaitra, around midnight, healthy Marudeva gave birth to
twins. This pious birth influenced the surroundings. The sky became filled with
a soothing glow, the wind became fragrant and the whole atmosphere became
impregnated with unprecedented joy that was hard to describe.
From all around came the fifty six goddesses of directions. They
circumambulated the Tirthankars mother and bowed before her. They also sang in
praise of the child that was to become Tirthankar and then proceeded to perform
post-birth cleaning rituals.
At that instant the king of gods
of the Saudharm dimension, Saudharmendra Shakra, also came to know that the
first Tirthankar has taken birth. He arrived with his large retinue of gods
and, bowed before the mother, "O great mother, I, Saudharmendra Shakra,
bow before you and offer my salutations."
After the salutations the mother
was put to sleep. Saudharmendra created five look alike bodies of himself. With
one body he carefully lifted the baby in his hands. With the second body he
took an umbrella in his hands and stationed the body behind the baby. With the
third and fourth bodies he took whisks and stationed these bodies on both sides
of the baby. With the fifth body he lifted his divine weapon, Vajra, and
stationed himself ahead of the baby as a body guard. In this formation the king
of gods airlifted the baby to Meru mountain. There, all gods, including their
64 kings with their consorts, ceremoniously performed the post-birth anointing
rituals. This ceremony, popularly known as Janma-kalyanak, of a Tirthankar, is
unparalleled in this world.
Giving the Name
Next morning Nabhiraja organized
the birth celebrations. He invited his friends and relatives to a feast and
announced, "As there is a sign of a bull on the thigh of the new born, and
Marudeva first of all saw a bull in her great dreams, we name this child as Rishabh
Kumar." His twin will be known as "Sumangala".
The Beginning of the
Ikshvaku Clan
When Rishabh Kumar was one year
old, Saudharmendra came to Kulkar Nabhi for formalizing the family name. He
carried a sugar-cane in his hand Baby Rishabh was sitting in his father’s lap.
When he saw the sugar-cane he eagerly extended his tiny hands to grab it.
Saudharmendra gave the sugar-cane to the baby and seeing his affinity for
sugar-cane (Ikshu) he formally named the family as Ikshvaku.
Marriage
Rishabh Kumar was married to a
girl named Sunanda whose twin died in an accident. This was the beginning of
the marriage system. He was also married to his twin Sumangala in a ceremony
that was arranged by the gods.
Prince Rishabh led a happy
married life. In due course Sumangala gave birth to Bharat, Brahmi and ninety
eight other sons. Sunanda gave birth to Bahubali and Sundari.
Evolution of Crafts and
Trades
Prince Rishabh was a highly
endowed, farsighted and industrious individual. He had a profound insight into
the human psychology. Looking at the needs the times and society he evolved
numerous arts, crafts and trades and taught them to people with right aptitude
and physical and mental capacities. To some he taught farming and to others the
trade of agricultural produce. He invented the alphabets, language, and the
numbers along with the tools for writing. For self-defense he evolved martial
arts and taught these to individuals with strong physique. He also established
systems of social security and penal codes. Pottery, architecture, music,
dance, and many other arts and crafts that enriched the human society in the
fields of knowledge, arts, entertainment, administration, etc. are said to be
his contributions.
Then one day, on the request of
the peoples representatives. Nabhiraja nominated Rishabh to become the first
king of this age. He arranged for an elaborate coronation ceremony and handed
over the reigns of the state to Rishabh Kumar. The ceremony was attended by all
members of the family, large number of twins, and gods. The gods created a
golden throne and anointed Rishabh with the water collected from various
pilgrimage centers. They attired him in divine dress and ornaments and formally
put the crown on his head. The twins humbly poured water on his feet from the
cups made of lotus leaves. Rishabh became the first king of this era. The king
of gods ordered Kuber, the god of wealth, to construct a suitable city. This
beautiful city was named Vinita; later on it became popularly known as Ayodhya.
Preaching the Path of
Renunciation
For many years Rishabhdev
continued to rule his people and open new frontiers of knowledge. During the
reign of his father the population was organized into random groups only.
Rishabhdev reorganized them according to their virtues, activities and
professions, and broadly divided the society into three groups. Trading
community was known as Vaishya, martial community was known as Kshtriya and all
other people indulging in a variety of services were known as Shudra. Till his
times the Brahman group was not formed.
After a long span of time (6.3
million Purva) he started losing interest in mundane things and activities, and
drifting toward detachment. He felt that he should transfer all his
responsibilities to his sons and proceed towards liberation through spiritual
practices. He also desired to reach the state of omniscience and consequently
show the path of disciplined life and spiritual practices. His concept was that
indulgence in mundane things does give happiness. It gives only an illusion of
happiness. True happiness is derived out of freedom from mundane indulgences.
Following the stream of his
thoughts Rishabhdev divided the area of his rule between his one hundred sons.
Bharat was given the state of Ayodhya and Bahubali that of Takshashila. Getting
free of the responsibilities of the state, Rishabhdev decided to take Diksha
(the formal initiation into the ascetic way). At that time the gods from the
edge of the universe (the Lokantikdev) arrived and requested, "O savior of
the human race, your desire to show the path of renunciation to the mankind is
admirable, kindly proceed soon to the task of propagating Dharma."
After one year of meritorious
charity, Rishabhdev sat in the palanquin named Sudarshan and arrived in the
Siddharth-vana garden. It was the eighth day of the dark half of the month of
chaitra when, under an Ashok tree, Rishabhdev abandoned all his apparels and
ornaments. He started pulling out his long strands of hair. After four
fistfuls, when he was pulling out the fifth fistful of hair Indra said,
"Sire! This strand of hair on the crown of your head and hanging down over
your shoulders looks attractive. Kindly leave it as it is." Rishabhdev
agreed. Due to this bunch of hair he got the popular name-Keshariyaji (one with
hair). The king of gods collected the hair pulled out by Rishabhdev in a divine
cloth and immersed them in the divine ocean of milk.
Following the example of
Rishabhdev many of his subordinate rulers as well as common people got inspired
to embrace the ascetic way of life. It is mentioned in scriptures that with
Rishabhdev four thousand others also took Diksha.
The First Charity
After becoming an ascetic,
Rishabhdev took the vow of total silence and started wandering accompanied by
other ascetics. When, after his penance, he went out to beg for food, he did
not get anything to eat. The common people of that age were ignorant about the
practice of giving food as alms. They did not even appreciate the need to do
so. Whenever Rishabhdev approached them, they offered him respect and valuable
gifts as they would to a king. Rishabhdev would then proceed ahead without
accepting anything. As time passed the accompanying ascetics conferred among
themselves and decided to eat fruits and vegetables naturally available. They
slowly drifted away from Rishabhdev and the true ascetic way of life. After one
entire year of wandering from place to place and doing harsh spiritual
practices without touching any food or water Rishabhdev decided to beg food
once again. He came to Hastinapur town.
Bahubali’s son, Somprabh, was the
king of Hastinapur. His son Shreyans Kumar saw a dream during night that
Suvarnagiri, the golden mountain had turned black and he had brought it back
its golden color by washing it with pitchers full of milk. He narrated his
dream to his father and friends, but no one could interpret its significance.
Shreyans Kumar was sitting in the
balcony of his palace and brooding over the dream he saw last night. All of a
sudden he heard the noise caused by happy masses that had seen Rishabhdev
entering the town. Thousands of citizens of Hastinapur rushed toward Rishabhdev
with gifts. Rishabhdev did not even look at these things and continued his
graceful walk in the direction of the palace.
When Shreyans saw approaching
Rishabhdev, he rushed to welcome his great grandfather. After bowing down at
the great ascetics feet when Shreyans looked at Rishabhdevs face he could not
shift his gaze. He went into a state of meditative thoughts and suddenly he
acquired Jati-smaran Jnan, the knowledge that opens up memories of the past
births. In his past birth Shreyans was the charioteer of king Vajranabh (the
past incarnation of Rishabhdev). This knowledge also made him aware of the
duties of laity toward Shramans. He realized that Bhagavan Rishabhdev had been
wandering around without food or water due to the prevailing ignorance of the
people regarding ascetic norms.
With due reverence he requested
Rishabhdev, "Prabhu, I am honored by your presence. I have just received
108 pitchers full of fresh sugar-cane juice that are pure and suitable for you
in all respects. Kindly accept the juice and break your fast." Rishabhdev
extended his cupped palms and Shreyans poured the sugar-cane juice from a pitcher.
Rishabhdev broke his fast and the skies reverberated with the sound of divine
drums and divine applaud, "Hail the alms giving" The gods also
showered gems, flowers and perfumes.
This was the beginning of the
tradition of religious charity and alms giving. In memory of this incident, the
third day of the bright half of the month of Vaishakh is celebrated as Akshay
Tritiya festival. The Jains specifically celebrate it as the breakfast day
after the penance of Varshi Tap (one meal and fast on alternate days for one
year).
Omniscience and Nirvana
For one thousand years Bhagavan
Rishabhdev continued his harsh spiritual practices completely ignoring his body
and other mundane activities. On the eleventh day of the dark half of the month
of Phalgun he was meditating under a banyan tree in the Shakatmukh garden
outside Purimtal town, close to Ayodhya. Around forenoon he transcended to the
purest higher state of meditation. The intensity of his practice caused the
shedding of the knowledge and perception obscuring Karmas as well as the
illusory Karmas. As a result, he attained omniscience, the purest and
enlightened state of soul. Rishabhdev became a Jina.
When Rishabhdev attained
omniscience the whole world was filled with a soothing glow for a moment.
Numerous gods descended from heavens to pay their respects to the Tirthankar.
They also created the Samavasaran, the divine pavilion. King Bharat also
proceeded toward the divine assembly riding an elephant and taking along his
grandmother Marudeva. Apprehensive about the hardships of the ascetic life of
her son, Marudeva was relieved when she beheld the scintillating face of
Rishabhdev sitting in the divine assembly surrounded by happy and dazzling
gods. The vision of her son perched on the spiritual pinnacle triggered the
flow of spontaneous joy in the heart of Marudeva. This mundane joy slowly
turned into the ultimate bliss and she acquired omniscience. Coincidentally, at
the same moment she completed her age and became liberated soul (Siddha).
Bhagawan Rishabhdev made the announcement Marudeva had become a Siddha.
In his first discourse Rishabhdev detailed the trilogy of right
conduct. Knowing about the significance of life as a human being and importance
of a dutiful life, thousands of people including Rishabhsen, the eldest son of
Emperor Bharat, and five thousands of people including Rishabhsen, the eldest
son of Emperor Bharat, and five thousand other members of royal family embraced
the acetic way of life. Thousands of other persons accepted the Shravak Dharm
(the religious way for laity). As he founded the four pronged religious ford at
the beginning of the present era, Bhagavan Rishabhdev became popularly known as
Adinath, the first Tirthankar.
The first disciple of Bhagavan
Rishabhdev was Rishabhsen. He became the first chief disciple. He was also
known as Pundarik.
Liberation
For a long time, Bhagavan
Rishabhdev continued to propagate his religion, having the five great vows as
its central theme. When he realized that all his remaining Karmas are
approaching their end he preceded to the Ashtapad Mountain. On the thirteenth
day of the dark half of the month of Magh, a little before noon time,
Rishabhdev, along with ten thousand other ascetics, was observing a six day
fast without water. He was sitting in the meditation in the Paryanka pose. When
the moon entered the Abhijit lunar mansion he got nirvana and got liberated
from all sorrows.
The king of gods, Saudharmendra,
Emperor Bharat, numerous gods and men gathered and celebrated the auspicious
event of Bhagavan Rishabhdevs Nirvana
